{"id":415,"date":"2020-11-12T10:55:50","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T15:55:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/?p=415"},"modified":"2023-11-03T15:37:49","modified_gmt":"2023-11-03T19:37:49","slug":"biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Biocatalysts in the Environment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:23px\">Made by:<strong> Sarah Jisri <\/strong>|<strong> <\/strong>Course Code :<strong> SCH4U0 <\/strong>| Class:<strong> Grade 12 University Prep. Chemistry<\/strong> | Project: <strong>Genius Hour<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents\/Order of Information<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a1341e53ae1e\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a1341e53ae1e\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Intro\" >Intro<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#What_are_Biocatalysts\" >What are Biocatalysts?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Side_notes_about_enzymes\" >Side notes about enzymes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Need_to_know\" >Need to know<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Where_are_they_found_What_do_they_do\" >Where are they found &amp; What do they do?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Why_are_they_important\" >Why are they important?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#How_are_they_used_in_the_IndustryApplications_in_the_Industry\" >How are they used in the Industry\/Applications in the Industry?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Examples_of_Biocatalysts_in_Industries\" >Examples of Biocatalysts in Industries<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Why_are_they_used_in_the_Industry_Importance_in_the_Industry\" >Why are they used in the Industry?\/ Importance in the Industry<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Advantages\" >Advantages<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Are_There_Any_Disadvantages\" >Are There Any Disadvantages?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2020\/11\/12\/biocatalysts-in-the-environment-2\/#Bibliography\" >Bibliography<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intro\"><\/span>Intro<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a summative assignment (final project) worth about 10% of my final SCH4U0 course mark. Genius Hour projects allow us, students, to get creative and explore our passions &amp; interests relative to the Grade 12 Chemistry Curriculum which includes the following units:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Organic Chemistry<\/strong> (Organic Compounds &amp; Polymers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Structure &amp; Properties of Matter<\/strong> (Atoms &amp; Chemical Bonding)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Energy Changes &amp; Rates of Reaction<\/strong> (Thermochemistry &amp; Chemical Kinetics)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chemical Systems &amp; Equilibrium<\/strong> (Chemical Equilibrium &amp; Acid-Base Equilibrium)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrochemistry<\/strong> (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions &amp; Electrochemical Cells)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_Biocatalysts\"><\/span>What are Biocatalysts?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>  A <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">biocatalyst<\/span> is simply the short form name of a <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">biological catalyst<\/span>, they are simply the same term which have the same definition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  A <strong>biological catalyst\/biocatalyst<\/strong> is a catalyst made by a living system\/organism or is a living system itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  A <strong>catalyst<\/strong> is a substance that <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">changes the rate of a chemical reaction<\/span> but <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">remains unchanged<\/span> during the reaction. It can participate in the same reaction over and over again, and you often need <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">very minimal amounts<\/span>. Catalysts also <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">reduce the activation energy<\/span> needed for a chemical reaction, which in turn <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">speeds up the reaction<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  Most biocatalysts are <strong>enzymes<\/strong>, enzymes are biological molecules (usually proteins) which notably speed up the&nbsp;rate&nbsp;of essentially all chemical reactions that occur in cells. This is necessary for most processes in living cells which is essential for life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Side_notes_about_enzymes\"><\/span>Side notes about enzymes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>All enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They <strong>aren&#8217;t<\/strong> alive &amp; they aren&#8217;t a form of a living organism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They <strong>are<\/strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">inert<\/span> materials composed of proteins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enzymes can be genetically modified to increase purity, consistency and eliminate the side activities of natural enzymes, these are called Recombinant enzymes. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Need_to_know\"><\/span>Need to know<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-vertically-aligned-center\" style=\"grid-template-columns:36% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/study.com\/cimages\/multimages\/16\/maltose_glycosidicbond.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n\n<p style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Glycosidic bonds\/linkages<\/strong>: A type of covalent bond which link multiple simple sugars together to build a sugar.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=i&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fglycosidic-linkage-definition-lesson-quiz.html&amp;psig=AOvVaw1sMtv8K_J_PoaBHe8a2hQb&amp;ust=1605281807623000&amp;source=images&amp;cd=vfe&amp;ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNDzvP6q_ewCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Study.com<\/a> <\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:36% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"272\" height=\"186\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/polysaccharide.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-475\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n\n<p style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Polysaccharides<\/strong>: Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. 3 important polysaccharides are starch, glycogen &amp; cellulose, which are composed of glucose.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"image\/png;base64,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\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">NutrientsReview<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:36% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"291\" height=\"173\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/monosaccharides.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-476\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n\n<p style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Monosaccharides<\/strong>: Also known as simple sugars. They are the most simplest form of a sugar &amp; they&#8217;re the most basic units of carbohydrates. Examples of them include : Fructose, Galactose, Glucose<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nutrientsreview.com\/carbs\/monosaccharides-simple-sugars.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">NutrientsReview<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:42% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"647\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1200px-Isomerism.svg_-1024x647.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1200px-Isomerism.svg_-1024x647.png 1024w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1200px-Isomerism.svg_-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1200px-Isomerism.svg_-768x485.png 768w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1200px-Isomerism.svg_.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n\n<p style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Isomers<\/strong>: They are 2 or more compounds with identical formulas but they have different arrangements of atoms in the molecule which gives different properties.<\/p>\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/04\/Isomerism.svg\/1200px-Isomerism.svg.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Where_are_they_found_What_do_they_do\"><\/span>Where are they found &amp; What do they do?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>  Biocatalysts can be found in many organisms and living things in\/from the environment. These living things include <strong>plants<\/strong>, <strong>fungi<\/strong>, <strong>bacteria <\/strong>&amp;<strong> yeasts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  Biocatalysts can be found in <strong>plants<\/strong>, more specifically in <strong>plant cells<\/strong>. Plants contain many different enzymes which can be used in a variety of different processes, however we will only be focusing on the important enzymes. Plants produce important enzymes such as <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">proteases<\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">amylases<\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lipases<\/span> &amp; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">cellulases<\/span>. Plants produce even more enzymes and some of those enzymes will get mentioned in sections below. These 4 main enzymes are used within the plants for important processes including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Proteases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> <strong>proteolysis<\/strong> which is the process of breaking down long protein chains into smaller amino acid chains and eventually single amino acids.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Amylases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis<\/strong> of starch into sugars. They reduce polysaccharides (such as cellulose, glycogen &amp; sugar) to disaccharides (such as lactose, maltose &amp; sucrose). The sugars are then used by the embryo to induce growth. \u03b2-amylase is the amylase enzyme found in plant seeds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Lipases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis<\/strong> of storage triacylglycerols to fatty acids. They break triglycerides into individual fatty acids and glycerol which helps support embryo growth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cellulases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze cellulolysis<\/strong>, which is the break down of cellulose into smaller polysaccharides (cellodextrins)&nbsp;or into&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;units. This is a&nbsp;<strong>hydrolysis<\/strong>&nbsp;reaction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter has-nested-images columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"329\" data-id=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/proteases.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/proteases.png 375w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/proteases-300x263.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the protease enzyme<br>Image Source: <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Wikipedia (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protease#\/media\/File:TEV_protease_summary.png\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"501\" height=\"492\" data-id=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/beta-amylase.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/beta-amylase.png 501w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/beta-amylase-300x295.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the \u03b2-amylase enzyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta-amylase#\/media\/File:2xfr_b_amylase.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"237\" height=\"411\" data-id=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/lipase-guinea-pig.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/lipase-guinea-pig.png 237w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/lipase-guinea-pig-173x300.png 173w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 237px) 100vw, 237px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the lipase enzyme <br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lipase#\/media\/File:Lipase_PLRP2.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"455\" height=\"1024\" data-id=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cellulase_1JS4-3-455x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cellulase_1JS4-3-455x1024.png 455w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cellulase_1JS4-3-133x300.png 133w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cellulase_1JS4-3-768x1729.png 768w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cellulase_1JS4-3-682x1536.png 682w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cellulase_1JS4-3.png 853w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the cellulase enzyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cellulase#\/media\/File:Cellulase_1JS4.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Pictures of the 4 main important plant enzymes as mentioned above<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>  Biocatalysts are also found in <strong>fungi<\/strong>. Enzymes found in the cells of fungi include enzymes as mentioned above (with slightly different functions due to the structure of the organism) and they also include other enzymes such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Glucanases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds<\/strong> in glucan (The main component in cell walls in filamentous fungi and yeast). \u03b2-(1,3)-Glucanase is the enzyme involved in this process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Pectinases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>breakdown of  pectin <\/strong>(a cell wall component) into simple sugars and galacturonic acid (a sugar acid).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Phytases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis<\/strong> of <strong>phytic  acid<\/strong> producing phosphate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Xylanases<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis<\/strong> of <strong>xylans<\/strong> (polysaccharide) into xylose (monosaccharide).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"405\" height=\"452\" data-id=\"458\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Beta-Glucanase.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-458\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of \u03b2-(1,3)-Glucanase enzyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk\/genomes\/date\/1ghs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">mrc-lmb<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"367\" height=\"500\" data-id=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pectinase-enzyme-500x500-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pectinase-enzyme-500x500-1.png 367w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pectinase-enzyme-500x500-1-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the Pectinase enzyme<br>Image Source:<a href=\"https:\/\/5.imimg.com\/data5\/XZ\/DR\/QY\/SELLER-9282611\/pectinase-enzyme-500x500.PNG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\"> IndiaMart<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" data-id=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phytase-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phytase-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phytase-1-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Phytase-1-768x525.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the Phytase enyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.creative-enzymes.com\/images\/Phytase-1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Creative Enzymes<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"355\" height=\"345\" data-id=\"468\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Xylanase-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Xylanase-1.png 355w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Xylanase-1-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 355px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the Xylanase enzyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.creative-enzymes.com\/images\/Xylanase-1.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Creative Enzymes<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Pictures of the 4 enzymes that can be found in fungi as mentioned above<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>  As for <strong>bacteria<\/strong>, they contain the enzymes that have been mentioned in both plant and fungi sections. They will have slightly different functions because of the structure of the bacteria compared to plants and fungi, but the enzymes are still present in bacteria. These enzymes include: Amylases and Proteases. Bacteria also have:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Isomerase<\/span> &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze&nbsp;interconversion of isomers<\/strong>. Converts a molecule from one isomer to another.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile alignwide\" style=\"grid-template-columns:30% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"332\" height=\"371\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Isomerase-xylose.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-472 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Isomerase-xylose.png 332w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Isomerase-xylose-268x300.png 268w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:22px\">Picture of an Isomerase enzyme<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xylose_isomerase#\/media\/File:2glk.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>  Probably one of the most common examples we see happening in real life is with <strong>yeast<\/strong>. Yeast is used in all the dough we make and all the foods we eat that contain dough as an ingredient (e.x. pizza, bread, desserts like cinnamon rolls, etc.). Yeast contains two main enzymes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Invertase<\/span>s &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis<\/strong> of <strong>sucrose<\/strong> (disaccharide) into fructose and glucose (monosaccharides).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Maltase<\/span>s &#8211; Enzymes which <strong>catalyze<\/strong> the <strong>hydrolysis<\/strong> of <strong>maltose<\/strong> (disaccharide) to glucose (monosaccharide).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" data-id=\"474\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Invertase-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Invertase-1.jpg 250w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Invertase-1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the Invertase enzyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.creative-enzymes.com\/images\/Invertase-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">Creative Enzymes<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"409\" data-id=\"473\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Maltase.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Maltase.jpg 650w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Maltase-300x189.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the Maltase enzyme<br>Image Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.thinglink.me\/api\/image\/838165345104560128\/1240\/10\/scaletowidth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">ThingLink<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">The 2 main yeast enzymes as mentioned above<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_are_they_important\"><\/span>Why are they important?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>  Well, biocatalysts are very important because as previously stated, most of the time, biocatalysts are enzymes. Enzymes as we know are important for most processes in all living organisms, which means they are very significant and important for life. Without biocatalysts many living things and organisms can&#8217;t live at all, this includes plants, fungi &amp; bacteria. Animals would also get negatively affected because without enzymes they would also be unable to run the most essential biological processes needed for life. It isn&#8217;t just what is around us, humans, that will get negatively affected, but we will get affected as well, we will not be able to live without enzymes because they are necessary for even the most basic biological processes that keep us alive, healthy and well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  So, Basically biocatalysts are <strong>NEEDED<\/strong> for life to happen around us and within us. Without them we wouldn&#8217;t know what life is and we wouldn&#8217;t be alive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  Another very important use of biocatalysts are in the industries. They are used in many different industries including the food, oil chemical, pharmaceutical, industrial detergent, fine chemical industries, etc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  The following sections will dive deeper into the applications of  biocatalysts in industries and why they are important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_are_they_used_in_the_IndustryApplications_in_the_Industry\"><\/span>How are they used in the Industry\/Applications in the Industry?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>  Biocatalysts are used in many different processes ranging in a variety of industries including&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Food\/Beverages<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oil Chemicals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pharmaceutical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Industrial Detergents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fine Chemicals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paper\/Pulp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Textiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biodiesel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Animal Feed <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Waste Management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>  To use a certain enzyme in the industry, it needs to be at a specific temperature and pH range. When an enzyme gets overheated, it gets destroyed\/denatured. When an enzyme doesn&#8217;t get enough heat, it works slower. So, heating an enzyme at its optimal, specific temperature will make the enzyme at its best performance. The pH conditions are also important to control. If the pH range is off by a significant amount, the enzyme will start denaturing. If the pH range is off by a small amount, the enzyme will work slower. The pH range needs to be at a specific level according to each enzyme, to get the best performance. Having both of these conditions at the best levels and ranges will result in faster and safer reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Examples_of_Biocatalysts_in_Industries\"><\/span>Examples of Biocatalysts in Industries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>  Here in Canada, the <strong>paper and pulp industry<\/strong> is fairly important because we export them to other countries which helps Canada generate a higher GDP and income. In the paper\/pulp industry, Instead of chlorine, <strong>Xylanase<\/strong> is used in the prebleaching of kraft pulp. This reduces or even eliminates the need of chlorine in the process.  Reducing or eliminating chlorine is better for the health of humans and other organisms because chlorine produces dioxins which cause cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Pectinase<\/strong> is used in the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">fruit industry<\/span> for degradation of plant materials to speed up extraction of&nbsp;juices from&nbsp;fruits. Pectinases are also used for <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">retting<\/span>, which is the process of engaging the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away cell tissue and pectin surrounding fibre bundles. This separates the fibre from the stem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Proteases<\/strong> are commonly used in washing powders\/biological detergents (for pre-soaking conditions and direct liquid applications &amp; removing stains from clothes), tannery, food (used in biscuits to lower the protein level in flour), leather processing, brewery &amp; pharmaceuticals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Amylases<\/strong> are used to produce starches, syrups (such as high fructose corn syrup), clarified fruit juices, pharmaceuticals (digestive aid medicines). They are also used in the brewing industry, textiles industry, paper industry &amp; they are used in the baking industry (breakdown of starch in the flour to sugar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Cellulases<\/strong> are used in fruit juice processing (to clarify fruit juices), the textile industry, paper industry (degrade starch to lower viscosity,  coating paper, etc.) &amp; biofuels industry (cellulose breakdown into sugars that can be fermented).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>  Xylanses<\/strong> are used in the animal feed industry, paper industry, food processing, biofuels, baking, brewing &amp; textiles industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Isomerases<\/strong> are used in the starch industry (in production of high fructose syrups) &amp; sugar production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Lipases<\/strong> are used in food (implemented during Roquefort cheese production to enhance blue-mold cheese ripening), oil chemicals, fine chemistry, biodiesel, detergents, dairy industry (in oils, fats, butter, cream, etc.), leather processing &amp; waste management<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Invertases<\/strong> are used in food processing and syrup production (because of the sweetness of the enzyme).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>  <strong>Phytases<\/strong> are mainly used in the animal feed industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>  Glucanases <\/strong>are mainly used in animal feed &amp; the brewing industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_are_they_used_in_the_Industry_Importance_in_the_Industry\"><\/span>Why are they used in the Industry?\/ Importance in the Industry<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>  Biocatalysts can help improve\/update many processes and aspects within different industries. The following reasons are reasons as to why biocatalysts are used in industries, and why they are so important and significant. I will also add a list of disadvantages, just so we can see both sides of this application and get a bigger picture, instead of limiting our views to one side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages\"><\/span>Advantages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Biocatalysts speed up reactions which makes industrial processes way more effective and you get products\/results quicker which helps with production and balance the supply and demand of consumers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are cost-effective and may save money. If reactions are sped up then usually less energy is consumed because the reaction takes less time. Also, less of a certain reactant may be used and that might reduce costs (depending on the reactant, whether it is cheap or expensive, and\/or the conditions it works under).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The biological nature of biocatalysts\/enzymes makes them less dangerous\/hazardous for our health, as opposed to chemical catalysts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The biological nature of biocatalysts also makes them less toxic and harmful to the environment when compared to chemical catalysts. They are more environmentally friendly which is better. This is because with biocatalysts, less energy\/water &amp; raw materials are used. In addition to that, less waste is produced.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Since reactions are sped up, we get more products faster. In addition to supplying products to Canadian consumers, Canada can also export more products globally which results in a higher GDP and more money.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Are_There_Any_Disadvantages\"><\/span>Are There Any Disadvantages?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>  Yes, there are disadvantages to using biocatalysts in the industry. Those disadvantages include&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When products are used or consumed, some people might develop allergies to the enzymes used in production.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enzymes are hard to work with and keep in control because even a slight temperature change can cause the denaturation of an enzyme. If the enzyme gets contaminated with other substances, the reaction will also get affected.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cost of enzyme production is expensive. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13068-018-1077-0#:~:text=performed%20per%20year.-,Economic%20assessment,by%20Klein%2DMarcuschamer%20et%20al.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com<\/a>, the cost (in USD) per kilogram of enzyme is <strong>316 US$\/kg<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bibliography\"><\/span>Bibliography<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\">All Citations are in APA format<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Giuseppe, M. D., &amp; Sanader, M. (2012). <em>Nelson chemistry 12: University preparation<\/em>. Toronto, Ontario: Nelson Education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What Do Plant Enzymes Do? (n.d.). 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(n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9921\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK9921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plant-Derived Enzymes: A Treasure for Food Biotechnology. (2019, January 1). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128132807000281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128132807000281<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Animal Nutrition Document. (n.d.). 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Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/biologydictionary.net\/disaccharide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/biologydictionary.net\/disaccharide\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Amylase &#8211; an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/amylase#:%7E:text=Amylases%20are%20a%20class%20of,Sundarram%20and%20Murthy%2C%202014).\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/amylase#:%7E:text=Amylases%20are%20a%20class%20of,Sundarram%20and%20Murthy%2C%202014).<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biology Online. (2020, January 29). Amylase Definition and Examples &#8211; Biology Online Dictionary. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biologyonline.com\/dictionary\/amylase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.biologyonline.com\/dictionary\/amylase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikipedia contributors. (2020c, May 20). Beta-amylase. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta-amylase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta-amylase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barros, M. (n.d.). Seed lipases: sources, applications and properties &#8211; a review. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-66322010000100002&amp;lng=pt&amp;nrm=iso\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.scielo.br\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0104-66322010000100002&amp;lng=pt&amp;nrm=iso<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikipedia contributors. (2020f, September 6). Lipase. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lipase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lipase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikipedia contributors. (2020h, October 28). Cellulase. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cellulase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cellulase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Enzymes: An Explanation &#8211; Biocatalysts Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biocatalysts.com\/products-an-explanation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.biocatalysts.com\/products-an-explanation\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zhou, J. (2017, August 15). Functional Analysis of a Novel \u03b2-(1,3)-Glucanase from Corallococcus sp. Strain EGB Containing a Fascin-Like Module. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/aem.asm.org\/content\/83\/16\/e01016-17#:%7E:text=%CE%B2%2D(1%2C3)%2DGlucanases%20catalyze%20the%20hydrolysis%20of,by%20some%20bacteria%20(1)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/aem.asm.org\/content\/83\/16\/e01016-17#:%7E:text=%CE%B2%2D(1%2C3)%2DGlucanases%20catalyze%20the%20hydrolysis%20of,by%20some%20bacteria%20(1)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Singh, B. (n.d.). Fungal phytases: characteristics and amelioration of nutritional quality and growth of non-ruminants. 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Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/amfep.org\/about-enzymes\/benefits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/amfep.org\/about-enzymes\/benefits\/<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Exploring the chemistry and evolution of the isomerases. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4763729\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4763729\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wikipedia contributors. (2020i, November 12). Invertase. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invertase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invertase<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Maltase | enzyme. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/maltase#:%7E:text=Maltase%2C%20enzyme%20that%20catalyzes%20the,membrane%20lining%20the%20intestinal%20wall.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/maltase#:%7E:text=Maltase%2C%20enzyme%20that%20catalyzes%20the,membrane%20lining%20the%20intestinal%20wall.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Committee, A. C. T. B. C. (n.d.). Enzymes \u2013 Understanding Ingredients for the Canadian Baker. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/ingredients\/chapter\/enzymes\/#:%7E:text=The%20two%20principal%20enzymes%20present,yeast%20activity%20in%20the%20dough.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/ingredients\/chapter\/enzymes\/#:%7E:text=The%20two%20principal%20enzymes%20present,yeast%20activity%20in%20the%20dough.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Table 1 | Industrial Fungal Enzymes: An Occupational Allergen Perspective. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ja\/2011\/682574\/tab1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ja\/2011\/682574\/tab1\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Science Buddies. (2020, January 12). A Juicy Project: Extracting Apple Juice with Pectinase | Science Project. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencebuddies.org\/science-fair-projects\/project-ideas\/BioChem_p010\/biotechnology-techniques\/extracting-apple-juice-with-pectinase#:%7E:text=Pectinase%20is%20an%20enzyme%20that,juice%20from%20within%20the%20cells.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">https:\/\/www.sciencebuddies.org\/science-fair-projects\/project-ideas\/BioChem_p010\/biotechnology-techniques\/extracting-apple-juice-with-pectinase#:%7E:text=Pectinase%20is%20an%20enzyme%20that,juice%20from%20within%20the%20cells. <\/a><\/p>\n ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A simple, yet detailed research project of Biocatalysts in the Environment. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,11],"tags":[16,14,17,47,13,41,15],"class_list":["post-415","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-my-school-projects","category-sch4u0-genius-hour","tag-biocatalysts","tag-chemistry","tag-environment","tag-enzymes","tag-grade-12","tag-summative-assignment","tag-university-preparation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/415","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=415"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/415\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":637,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/415\/revisions\/637"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=415"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=415"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=415"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}