{"id":508,"date":"2021-05-20T07:25:40","date_gmt":"2021-05-20T11:25:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/?p=508"},"modified":"2023-11-03T15:37:42","modified_gmt":"2023-11-03T19:37:42","slug":"the-cell-wall","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/","title":{"rendered":"The Cell Wall"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-accent-color has-text-color has-large-font-size\">Made By: <strong>Sarah Jisri<\/strong> | Course Code: <strong>SBI 4U0<\/strong> | Class: <strong>Grade 12 University Prep. Biology<\/strong> | Project: <strong>Assignment #1 &#8211; Organelle Research Project<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">The organelle I chose is, as suggested above, the <strong>cell wall<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/04\/114904-050-4F81BD47\/Cutaway-drawing-plant-cell-organelles-wall.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sketch1620851200347-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sketch1620851200347-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sketch1620851200347-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sketch1620851200347-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sketch1620851200347-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sketch1620851200347-1.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A picture of the cell wall visible in a plant cell<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents\/Order of Information<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a135012320e7\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a135012320e7\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Brief_Description\" >Brief Description:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Location\" >Location<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#When_is_it_found\" >When is it found?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#How_many_are_found\" >How many are found?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Functions\" >Functions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Major_Function\" >Major Function<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Minor_Functions\" >Minor Functions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#What_could_happen_should_the_organelle_be_removed_from_the_cell\" >What could happen should the organelle be removed from the cell?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Interaction_with_other_organelles\" >Interaction with other organelles<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Why\" >Why?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#What_type_of_molecules_is_it_composed_of\" >What type of molecules is it composed of?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#How_might_they_be_important_to_the_function_of_the_cell\" >How might they be important to the function of the cell.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Analogy\" >Analogy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Explanation\" >Explanation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Strengths\" >Strengths<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Weaknesses\" >Weaknesses<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Deeper_Organelle_Interaction_Research_%E2%80%93_Plasma_Membrane\" >Deeper Organelle Interaction Research &#8211; Plasma Membrane<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#What_happens_to_the_cell_wall_during_Telophase_in_mitosis\" >What happens to the cell wall during Telophase in mitosis?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/2021\/05\/20\/the-cell-wall\/#Works_Cited\" >Works Cited<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Brief_Description\"><\/span>Brief Description:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile has-background has-background-background-color\" style=\"grid-template-columns:37% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of the cell wall\" class=\"wp-image-516 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Image: Close-up, microscopic image of moss leaf cells showing cell walls and chloroplasts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source:<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/thmb\/Fx0sOIKbfE74C-vUEXkAAFa1mdE=\/1500x1000\/filters:fill(auto,1)\/plant_cell_wall_chloroplasts-5b64a485c9e77c0025a39acf.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Thought Co.<br><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cell walls are<strong> found<\/strong> in <strong>plant cells<\/strong>, animal cells only contain the cell membrane.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Certain <strong>prokaryotes<\/strong>, <strong>algae<\/strong>, <strong>slime molds<\/strong>, <strong>water molds<\/strong> &amp; <strong>fungi<\/strong> also have cell walls (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cell wall borders the plasma membrane of plant cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides strength and protection against stresses such as mechanical stress and osmotic stress (Staehelin, 2019). <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also allows cells to <strong>develop<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>turgor pressure<\/strong> (the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall) (Nature, n.d.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Location\"><\/span>Location<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The cell wall is found on the edge of the cell, it surrounds all the organelles located within the cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is what separates the inside contents of the cell with the outer fluids.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is located <strong>outside<\/strong> of the <strong>plasma&nbsp;membrane<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It does not move around, instead it stays in its place.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_is_it_found\"><\/span>When is it found?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is present and in the cell 24\/7, it is <strong>always there<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It does not leave\/exit the cell, nor does it move around.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_many_are_found\"><\/span>How many are found?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There is only <strong>one<\/strong> <strong>cell wall<\/strong> organelle present in a cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, there are layers to the cell wall. In all cell walls there are 2 main layers and most plants produce an additional layer (Staehelin, 2019).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The middle lamella<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Acts as a cementing layer between the primary walls of&nbsp;adjacent&nbsp;cells (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The primary cell wall<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is the layer containing cellulose made by the dividing\/growing cells. For cell wall expansion during growth, these walls are thinner &amp; less rigid than cells that stopped growing (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Have a structural &amp; supportive role only when the vacuoles are filled with water to where they exert&nbsp;turgor pressure&nbsp;against the cell wall (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>+ The secondary wall<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A grown plant cell might keep its primary cell wall and sometimes thickening it, or it might make an additional, rigid layer, which is the secondary cell wall (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Responsible for most of the plant\u2019s mechanical support and properties (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956\/#:~:text=The%20cell%20wall%20surrounds%20the%20plasma%20membrane%20of%20plant%20cells,contents%20against%20the%20cell%20wall.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"335\" height=\"197\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/npg_2_1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-525\" style=\"width:410px;height:241px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/npg_2_1.jpg 335w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/npg_2_1-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of the layers of a cell wall exluding the secondary wall.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Functions\"><\/span>Functions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Function\"><\/span>Major Function<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There are many important functions of a cell wall, however the cell wall mainly functions as a <strong>barrier<\/strong> or <strong>wall<\/strong> between the inner cell contents and the outer contents, providing protection and stability\/support to the cell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Minor_Functions\"><\/span>Minor Functions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Helps the cell maintain it&#8217;s shape and rigidity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As previously stated, it also allows cells to develop&nbsp;turgor pressure (the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall) (Nature, n.d.).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Turgor pressure is important because it prevents wilting and it helps with maintaining structure of the plant (Nature, n.d.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides a porous medium for the diffusion, circulation &amp; distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrients (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides rigid and strong building blocks that can be used to make stable-higher order structures, including&nbsp;leaves&nbsp;and&nbsp;stems (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides a storage site of regulatory molecules which sense the presence of pathogens and control tissue development (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides cell &#8211; cell communication through the plasmodesmata (Bailey, 2019).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plasmodesmata: Pores between plant cell walls that allow molecules &amp; communication signals to pass between individual plant cells (Bailey, 2019)\u200b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_could_happen_should_the_organelle_be_removed_from_the_cell\"><\/span>What could happen should the organelle be removed from the cell?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The cell might become weaker, less stable and lose its shape.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It will not have the same protection as it used to, which means unwanted and potentially harmful substances can get in which might weaken the cell even further or cause the cell to collapse and eventually die.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Due to turgor pressure being absent, the cell will not handle the concentration of solution &#8211; whether it be a hypotonic or hypertonic solution &#8211; and will burst (Topper Learning, n.d.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Important substances might not be able to enter and exit the cell which might also cause weakening and death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the cell wall is removed from the&nbsp;cell&nbsp;then all the functioning of all the&nbsp;cell&nbsp;organelles inside the&nbsp;cell&nbsp;would be affected because the diffusion of various substances would not happen (Topper Learning, n.d.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interaction_with_other_organelles\"><\/span>Interaction with other organelles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vesicles<\/strong>: They carry substances in and out of the cell, and so when they import substances into the cell they interact with the cell wall to deliver to the other organelles in the cell (Mentzer, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plasma membrane:<\/strong> During synthesis and remodeling, the cell wall physically anchors to the plasma membrane through the cellulose fibrils &amp; plasma membrane proteins that interact with cell wall components (Liu &amp; Persson &amp; S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, 2015).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plasmodesma:<\/strong> Cell wall works with plasmodesma in apoplastic transport, which is transport through the layer outside the plasma membrane (apoplast), to transport gases (E.x. Carbon dioxide), or plant hormones and pheromones  (biolabxy, n.d.) .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why\"><\/span>Why?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vesicles:<\/strong> They have this interaction because vesicles bring in necessary substances to keep the cell running.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plasma Membrane:<\/strong> This interaction is important for proteins to retain their localization at the plasma membrane for cell wall synthesis, remodeling&nbsp;&amp; for signal transduction (Liu &amp; Persson &amp; S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, 2015).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <strong>Plasmodesma<\/strong>: They generate connections between the neighboring cells. They allow intercellular movement of molecules such as transcription factors, hormones, and sugars ( Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez &amp; Ben\u00edtez &amp; Boudaoud, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_type_of_molecules_is_it_composed_of\"><\/span>What type of molecules is it composed of?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/cell-wall-plant-anatomy#ref342834\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"342\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end-1024x342.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-521\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end-1024x342.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end-300x100.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end-768x256.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end-1536x513.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end-1200x401.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Cellulose-glucose-molecules-end.jpg 1599w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A picture of a glucose monomer and cellulose<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The basic structural component of plant cell walls is primarily <strong>cellulose<\/strong> which is a <strong>carbohydrate<\/strong>. (Staehelin, 2019)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The cellulose fibers found in the cell wall are long and linear polymers of several thousand glucose molcules linked together (Staehelin, 2019).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The chemical links between individual glucose monomers give cellulose molecules a flat, ribbonlike structure which allows adjacent molecules to band together into microfibrils with lengths from 2 &#8211; 7&nbsp;\u03bcm (micrometres) (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cellulose fibrils are made by&nbsp;enzymes&nbsp;floating in the&nbsp;cell membrane (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The bonds present in cellulose and fiber molecules are  <strong>Beta Glycosidic Bonds<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However cellulose is not the only component, the cell wall also consists of a water-saturated matrix of&nbsp;other <strong>polysaccharides<\/strong>&nbsp;and <strong>structural<\/strong><strong>glycoproteins<\/strong> (Staehelin, 2019).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The 2 major classes of matrix polysaccharides are <strong>hemicelluloses<\/strong> and <strong>pectic polysaccharides<\/strong> (a.k.a. <strong>pectin<\/strong>) (Staehelin, 2019).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Both of which are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus or Golgi body. They are then transported to the cell wall in vesicles, and secreted into the cell wall (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hemicelluloses:<\/strong> Include glucose molecules connected together with the addition of short side chains of xylose &amp; other uncharged sugars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pectic Polysaccharides:<\/strong> The linear backbone of all pectic polysaccharides is formed by negatively charged galacturonic&nbsp;acid&nbsp;residues &amp; rhamnose sugar molecules. Attached to these are complex, branched sugar side chains (Staehelin, 2019).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Their negative charge allows them to bind tightly to positively charged ions (cations).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bacterial&nbsp;cell walls contain peptidoglycan (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Algal cell walls are similar to plant cell walls. Many contain specific polysaccharides which are useful for&nbsp;taxonomy (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fungal cell walls don&#8217;t have cellulose, instead they contain&nbsp;chitin (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/qph.fs.quoracdn.net\/main-qimg-0482b7d7a092eab06866a78b83cedd90\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"317\" src=\"http:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/main-qimg-0482b7d7a092eab06866a78b83cedd90.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/main-qimg-0482b7d7a092eab06866a78b83cedd90.png 602w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/main-qimg-0482b7d7a092eab06866a78b83cedd90-300x158.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fungal cell wall which contains chitin instead of cellulose<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_might_they_be_important_to_the_function_of_the_cell\"><\/span>How might they be important to the function of the cell.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cellulose<\/strong> is important to the cell wall because it is important in aiding with keeping a cell stable and stiff and make sure it remains upright (BBC, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It helps the cell keep its rigidity and shape (ALevelBiology, 2020).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is what makes a plant&#8217;s stem, leaves and branches strong (Study, n.d.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In addition to the above, because of the strong cellulose fibers in the cell wall, plant cells don&#8217;t burst like animal cells when they&#8217;re in a hypotonic solution (ALevelBiology, 2020).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hypotonic solution: A solution in which the concentration of the solute is higher inside the cell than outside. This causes water to diffuse into the cell resulting in the expansion of the cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The cellulose helps keep the cell alive and functioning properly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hemicelluloses<\/strong>: They have been shown to regulate and control the rate at which primary cell walls expand during growth (Staehelin, 2019).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pectic Polysaccharides<\/strong>: They help with cell&nbsp;adhesion and&nbsp;wall&nbsp;hydration, and&nbsp;the pectin&nbsp;crosslinking plays a part in&nbsp;wall&nbsp;porosity and plant morphogenesis (Xiao &amp; Anderson, 2013).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Analogy\"><\/span>Analogy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-accent-background-color has-background has-larger-font-size\">The cell wall is similar to a screen door in a house.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" data-id=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/StillWatersAluminumScreenDoor.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-542\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/StillWatersAluminumScreenDoor.jpg 800w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/StillWatersAluminumScreenDoor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/StillWatersAluminumScreenDoor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/StillWatersAluminumScreenDoor-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of a screen door <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"667\" data-id=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-21-19_53_24-Window.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-21-19_53_24-Window.png 644w, https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2021-05-21-19_53_24-Window-290x300.png 290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture of a screen door<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption\">Pictures of screen doors<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explanation\"><\/span>Explanation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The screen door seems to represent the cell wall fairly well in terms of general functions in real life examples which is why I chose it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, it also doesn&#8217;t check all the boxes for the functions of the cell wall, especially the specific functions. This leaves a balance between the strengths and weaknesses and room to possibly have a stronger comparison.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In this case, the house represents the inside of the cell and the screen door represents the cell wall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strengths\"><\/span>Strengths<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The screen door acts a barrier\/wall between the inside of the house and the outside of the house.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The screen door filters substances and things through, it only allows certain things inside while other things can&#8217;t enter. For example, Oxygen and air can enter the house; animals like birds, squirrels, &amp; flies will not be able to come in through a functioning screen door.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offers some sort of protection to the inhabitants of the house by keeping animals and possibly strangers out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-accent-color has-text-color\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Weaknesses\"><\/span>Weaknesses<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Screen doors do not really act as strong structural support, they are more of an addition or a side door to the main door which has more necessity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not offer turgor pressure or any sort of pressure for any purpose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not provide storage for anything<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not work as a &#8220;building block&#8221; for anything<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not work as a way of communication as a cell wall does.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deeper_Organelle_Interaction_Research_%E2%80%93_Plasma_Membrane\"><\/span>Deeper Organelle Interaction Research &#8211; Plasma Membrane<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-subtle-background-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\">The Interactions Between The Cell Wall &amp; The Plasma\/Cell Membrane<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/333730787\/figure\/fig1\/AS:769022245228544@1560360599024\/Putative-mechanosensing-structures-at-the-cell-wall-and-plasma-membrane-Schematic.png\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">PICTURE 1: Shows the different proteins located on the plasma membrane which help out and interact with the cell wall. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>     The synthesis and remodeling of the cell walls are membrane-related procedures. There is a continuous exchange of lipids, proteins &amp; other cell wall components between the cytosol and the plasma membrane. This material exchange and the localization of cell wall proteins at specific spots in the plasma membrane rely on a particular composition of the membrane (refer to PICTURE 1). Also, sensors at the plasma membrane detect changes in the cell wall build, and activate cytoplasmic signaling schemes and cell wall remodeling. The apoplastic polysaccharide matrix is crucial for preventing proteins diffusing in the membrane uncontrollably (Liu &amp; Persson &amp; S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, 2015) . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, the cell wall\u2013plasma membrane interaction is important for plant development and responses to external activities (Liu &amp; Persson &amp; S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, 2015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_happens_to_the_cell_wall_during_Telophase_in_mitosis\"><\/span>What happens to the cell wall during Telophase in mitosis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/qph.fs.quoracdn.net\/main-qimg-04c3af8022dc995f6cc7bbc09f24161f\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Picture showing what role the cell wall plays during telophase of mitosis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plants cells must develop new cell walls between the daughter cells during cell division (Lumen, n.d.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, before getting into telophase, it should be know that during interphase, the Golgi apparatus collects enzymes, structural proteins, &amp; glucose molecules before breaking into vesicles and spreading out throughout the dividing cell  (Lumen, n.d.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Now, during telophase, these Golgi vesicles are transported on microtubules to form a phragmoplast &#8211; a vesicular structure &#8211; at the metaphase plate (Lumen, n.d.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Then, the vesicles fuse and combine from the center toward the cell walls, this is now called a <strong>cell plate<\/strong> (Lumen, n.d.).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>More vesicles will continue to fuse causing the cell plate to increase in size, then causing the cell plate to merge with the cell walls at the periphery of the cell (Lumen, n.d.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enzymes use accumulated glucose between the membrane layers to build the new cell wall (Lumen, n.d.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Golgi Membranes become parts of the plasma membrane on either side of the new cell (Lumen, n.d.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Works_Cited\"><\/span>Works Cited<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Below are all my references in APA format:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bailey, R. (2019). <em>Cell Wall Structure and Function<\/em>. ThoughtCo. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/cell-wall-373613\">https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/cell-wall-373613<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BBC. (2019, September 5). <em>What is cellulose?<\/em> BBC Bitesize. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bitesize\/topics\/znyycdm\/articles\/z2d2gdm\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bitesize\/topics\/znyycdm\/articles\/z2d2gdm<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Cellulose: Structure, Properties, Function, Facts &amp; Summary<\/em>. A Level Biology. (2020, December 7). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/alevelbiology.co.uk\/notes\/cellulose\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/alevelbiology.co.uk\/notes\/cellulose\/<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Cell Wall<\/em>. Cell Organelles. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/biolabxy.weebly.com\/cell-wall.html\">https:\/\/biolabxy.weebly.com\/cell-wall.html<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez, V., Ben\u00edtez, M., &amp; Boudaoud, A. (2019, September 29). <em>Interplay between turgor pressure and plasmodesmata during plant development<\/em>. OUP Academic. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/71\/3\/768\/5575975\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/71\/3\/768\/5575975<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Learning, L. (n.d.). <em>Biology for Majors I<\/em>. Lumen. <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/chapter\/reading-cytokenesis\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-biology1\/chapter\/reading-cytokenesis\/<\/a>.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liu, Z., Persson, S., &amp; S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, C. (2015, February 19). <em>At the border: the plasma membrane\u2013cell wall continuum<\/em>. OUP Academic. <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/66\/6\/1553\/2889851\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jxb\/article\/66\/6\/1553\/2889851<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mentzer, A. P. (2019, April 24). <em>How Cell Organelles Work Together<\/em>. Sciencing. <a href=\"https:\/\/sciencing.com\/cell-organelles-work-together-5492286.html\">https:\/\/sciencing.com\/cell-organelles-work-together-5492286.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nature Publishing Group. (n.d.). <em>Plant Cells, Chloroplasts, and Cell Walls<\/em>. Nature News. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/topicpage\/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956\/<\/a>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Staehelin, L. Andrew (2019, May 9). Cell wall. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/cell-wall-plant-anatomy\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/cell-wall-plant-anatomy<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees &amp; Careers. (n.d.). <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/cellulose-in-plants-function-structure-quiz.html\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/cellulose-in-plants-function-structure-quiz.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>  <em>what do you think would happen if a plant cell did not have a cell wall &#8211; Biology &#8211; TopperLearning.com: 58jxlh22<\/em>. TopperLearning.com. (n.d.). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.topperlearning.com\/answer\/what-do-you-think-would-happen-if-a-plant-cell-did-not-have-a-cell-wall\/58jxlh22#:~:\">https:\/\/www.topperlearning.com\/answer\/what-do-you-think-would-happen-if-a-plant-cell-did-not-have-a-cell-wall\/58jxlh22#:~:<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>  Xiao, C., &amp; Anderson, C. T. (2013, March 10). <em>Roles of pectin in biomass yield and processing for biofuels<\/em>. Frontiers. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2013.00067\/full\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpls.2013.00067\/full<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A detailed research project on the cell wall organelle.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[48,49,13,51,50,19],"class_list":["post-508","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-my-school-projects","tag-biology","tag-cell-wall","tag-grade-12","tag-organelle","tag-plants","tag-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=508"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":634,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/508\/revisions\/634"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=508"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=508"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jisri.com\/sarah\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}